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The firestorm destroyed all life once upon a time

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The firestorm destroyed all life once upon a time
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The massive volcano in the Flygrain Fields causes fear of endless earthquakes. Scientists believe that it may have been the reason for the extinction of Neanderthals during the Ice Age eruption.

POZZOLI — Not a day goes by without the ground shaking beneath the massive volcano in the Flegrain Fields of southern Italy. On Wednesday (April 10), more than 60 earthquakes were recorded within 24 hours. Scientists assume that the giant volcano will erupt sooner or later. It can happen at any time. A look at the hundreds of thousands of years of crater field history shows the enormous catastrophes that phlegraine fields can cause.

Monte Nuovo is the last eruption crater of the phlegraine fields © Nino Rossi / Facebook

Sunsets in what is now Germany were very romantic 39,500 years ago: For years, the central star of our planetary system bid farewell each day in a deep red dusk. But temperatures were frigid as the last Neanderthals desperately searched for food in Central Europe. A massive volcanic eruption blotted out the sun 1,000 kilometers to the south. And make sure Neanderthals finally became extinct. At least some paleontologists are convinced of this.

Massive Ice Age Volcanic Eruption: The firestorm destroyed all life within a 70 km radius

At that time, the giant volcano of the Phlegraine Fields, where the coastal city of Pozzuoli is now located, erupted in one of the largest volcanic eruptions in Earth's history. Between 80 and 150 cubic kilometers of lava, pumice stones and ash were released into the open air. A huge crater up to 20 kilometers wide was created. Lava flows of 700-degree hot gas and ash destroyed all life within a 70-kilometre radius.

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On the bay opposite the Gulf of Naples, layers of tuff 50 meters high were deposited on the coast near Sorrento, 30 kilometers away. Scientists call the Campania deposit ignimbrite, named after the Campania region and its capital, Naples, where the phlegraine fields are located, and the Latin word for „rain of fire.”

The Phlegraean Fields supervolcano is thought to have accelerated the extinction of Neanderthals.
A replica of a Neanderthal at the Neanderthal Museum in Mettmann. © Federico Gambarini

The ash resulting from the giant volcanic eruption reached Cyrenaica in Libya and northern Egypt, then moved to Syria, Turkey, Georgia, southern Russia and Kazakhstan and fell to the ground there. But there were finer aerosols spreading through the atmosphere and blocking out the sun. The cooling in the so-called „volcanic winter” was strongest in Eastern Europe and Asia, but also in Western Europe. Temperatures dropped by two to four degrees within a year or two.

Volcanic ash was transported from Italy to Kazakhstan and Siberia

A team of researchers led by Benjamin Black of the University of California, Berkeley, published a study in the journal in 2015 geologyAccording to which the giant volcano could have led to the end of the Neanderthals with a volcanic winter. Russian scientists came to a similar conclusion in 2023. The Neanderthal population declined sharply 39,500 years ago. The Neanderthals faced the problem that their rivals, Homo sapiens, the ancestors of modern humans, reproduced faster. Then came the environmental pressures caused by phlegrein fields.

“We found that peak cooling and acid deposition lasted for a year or two, and that the greatest cooling bypassed hominin population centers in western Europe,” the study says. The scientists have one caveat: „We have come to the conclusion that the environmental impact of the Campanian volcanic eruption alone was not sufficient to explain the eventual demise of Neanderthals in Europe.”

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It has been getting up to four degrees colder in Central Europe for years

But: “However, significant cooling of the volcano in the years immediately following the eruption may have weakened the ability of an already sedentary population to survive and affected many aspects of daily life for Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans.” Or bison and collect edible plants, berries and roots. The cold climate likely reduced food supplies. Cold was also a major stressor for people without shelter. They lived in caves or primitive tents.

Pinatubo is the world's worst volcanic eruption in 150 years.
The giant eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines in 1991 was small compared to the eruption of the Phlegrain Fields 39,500 years ago. © imago

„This disaster not only radically destroyed the ecological environment of the Neanderthals, but also caused their physical extinction,” said researchers Lyubov Golovanova and Vladimir Doronichev from the ANO Prehistoric Research Laboratory in St. Petersburg after examining traces of volcanic ash in a Neanderthal cave in St. Petersburg. Caucasus. The researchers found a significant decline in pollen concentrations, signs of a dramatic shift to a cooler, drier climate. Another indication: In Mezmaiskaya Cave, all Neanderthal traces end in a layer of ash.

Researchers fear that another eruption of the giant volcano in Italy will occur at any time

Today, a volcanic eruption is also feared in the phyllgrain fields. Naples volcanologist Giuseppe Mastrolorenzo warned last March of the possibility of an imminent massive eruption. Researchers from University College London and the Italian National Institute for Geophysical and Volcanological Research (INGV) concluded in a study last year that filigree fields are becoming weaker and more susceptible to rupture, increasing the likelihood of a volcanic eruption.

The giant volcano erupted catastrophically about 29,000 years ago, and again 15,000 years ago. Since then, there have been dozens of small eruptions in the caldera, the most recent of which was Monte Nuovo near Pozzuoli in 1538.

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Italy is defending itself against mass tourism with new rules

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Italy is defending itself against mass tourism with new rules
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Italy declares war on mass tourism. In order to regulate the rush of vacationers, Cinque Terre has come up with a new rule.

Monterosso – Millions of vacationers are drawn to the Italian coast every year. This is why Italy has taken measures against mass tourism for years. A day trip to Venice now costs five euros. Tourists don't stop at Cinque Terre either. Accordingly, the region issues a new rule for travelers.

Italy is once again taking action against mass tourism

The Cinque Terre region consists of five picturesque villages located on the Ligurian Riviera. Monterosso is the largest town with lemon trees and the only sandy beach. But due to the annual influx of travellers, the quality of life of the approximately 9,000 residents of the Cinque Terre is affected. how South Tyrol News It was reported that about 2.5 million people invaded small villages last year.

Vernazza is the destination of the second stage of the famous „Sentierro Verde Azzuro” hiking trail. There is a new one-way regulation here. © xrenka1x/imago

The region resists mass tourism and therefore takes certain measures to counter the rush of holidaymakers. This means, among other things, that train tickets are more expensive in high season. In summer, travelers pay twice as much for train trips between villages as before. On the other hand, residents should benefit from the cuts.

New restrictions on travelers to Italy in Cinque Terre

Entrance fees are also required for hiking trails. The national park is also taking countermeasures. A one-way system has now been introduced for a section of the most popular hiking trails. This applies to the “Sentiero Verde Azzurro”, also known as the Green and Blue Route, from April 25 to May 1 between 9am and 2pm. It was reported that the regulation was issued for safety reasons and to improve the use of the route Standard.

What does this mean for holidays in Italy? This restriction affects the second of the four stages of the route, which leads from Monterosso to Vernazza. high Bergwelten.com This stage, covering a distance of 3.7 km, can be completed in just under two hours.

Rule for travelers to „Cinque Terre”: You must check the entrance to the hiking trail

Access to the hiking trail at the entrance to Monterosso must be controlled. Among other things, it is checked whether visitors are wearing appropriate shoes. For the following reasons: Some parts of the road are narrow and steep. In order to avoid overloading the „Sentiero Verde Azzurro”, hikers should also be redirected to alternative routes.

Cheap air travel and large concentrations of hotel complexes are one of the reasons for mass tourism. That is why the residents of the Canary Islands are tired of the influx of tourists. while Amsterdam bans new hotels It wants to take action against tape crawls. (mg/cas)

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Gaza War: Biden urges Netanyahu to provide more aid – Hamas comments on hostage deal

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Gaza War: Biden urges Netanyahu to provide more aid – Hamas comments on hostage deal
outside Phone call with Netanyahu

Biden urges Netanyahu to provide more aid to Gaza – Hamas comments on the hostage deal

Hostage deal and ceasefire – “hopes are relatively high”

It is possible that there will be a new hostage deal between Israel and Hamas. The release of up to 33 hostages is being discussed. WELT correspondent Max Hermes reports from Tel Aviv on the status of the negotiations.

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Before negotiations on a possible ceasefire in Gaza, which began on Monday in Riyadh, US President Joe Biden telephoned Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and called for more aid to the Gaza Strip. Hamas also commented in advance on a possible hostage deal.

ShPresident Joe Biden called for expanding humanitarian aid in the Gaza Strip before crisis talks resume. The White House said on Sunday that Biden stressed in a phone conversation with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu that recent progress in aid delivery must continue and increase in full coordination with humanitarian organizations. Biden noted, among other things, preparations to open new border crossings in northern Israel starting this week.

Political observers rated the US President's choice of words in the conversation as less harsh than in a previous phone conversation. At the time, Biden made future US support for Israel in the Gaza war dependent on quick, measurable steps to protect civilians and aid workers.

Israel is under enormous international pressure to allow more aid into the closed area on the Mediterranean Sea, where the Israeli army has been fighting the Islamist Hamas movement since October. The country recently opened border crossings to deliver aid. The United Nations recently confirmed an increase in the number of trucks arriving, but is calling on Israel to take further steps to enable the delivery of more aid.

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At a meeting of a number of Western and Arab foreign ministers in Riyadh on Monday, there are new efforts for a ceasefire in the Gaza war and the release of hostages held by Hamas. Among those expected are US Secretary of State Antony Blinken and Federal Foreign Minister Annalena Baerbock. In Cairo, a Hamas delegation also wants to deliver its response to the ceasefire proposal on Monday.

A senior Hamas representative on Sunday expressed a generally positive reaction to the latest Israeli proposal for a ceasefire and hostage release in the Gaza Strip. “The atmosphere is positive unless there are new Israeli obstacles,” he told AFP on Sunday. Hamas did not identify “any major problems” in the text submitted by Israel and Egypt.

She added that Biden and Netanyahu also discussed the Rafah issue during the conversation. Biden reiterated his clear position. The United States, Israel's most important ally, has repeatedly warned Netanyahu's government against launching a large-scale attack on the city of Rafah. The city on the border with Egypt is currently crowded with hundreds of thousands of refugees, but it is also the last major stronghold of Hamas.

Israeli Foreign Minister Israel Katz said that Israel is ready to postpone military operations in Rafah if an agreement is reached regarding the hostages. However, hopes of reaching an agreement in indirect negotiations have been dashed repeatedly so far. In the conversation with Netanyahu, Biden referred to a statement in which he and 17 other heads of state and government called on Hamas to immediately release the hostages in order to achieve a ceasefire and provide relief to the residents of Gaza.

Pressure on Netanyahu is also increasing from within his ranks

Two Israeli ministers are pressuring Prime Minister Netanyahu about a possible ceasefire in the Gaza Strip for various reasons. If Netanyahu decides to “raise the white flag” and cancel the plan for a ground attack in Rafah, “the government you lead has no right to exist,” right-wing Finance Minister Belazil Smotrich wrote on the X online service on Sunday.

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He continued: “The Egyptian deal is a humiliating surrender… It sentences the hostages to death, and above all, it constitutes an immediate existential threat to the State of Israel.”

For his part, former army commander and former Defense Minister Gantz, a member of Netanyahu's war cabinet, said that the Rafah invasion was „important in the long battle against Hamas,” but the return of the hostages was „urgent and extremely important.” “Importance.” If government ministers prevent the implementation of “a responsible plan to return the hostages, supported by the entire defense apparatus and which does not mean the end of the war,” then “the government no longer has the right to continue to exist.”

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Ukraine uses modern Atacms aircraft

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Ukraine uses modern Atacms aircraft
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A tempting war target: The Crimean Bridge has been attacked repeatedly — as happened here in October 2022. With new Atakum missiles, Ukraine could seriously damage the bridge and perhaps cut off Russian supplies entirely. © Uncredited/AP/dpa

First hit by a long-range US missile in Crimea: Ukraine uses Atakm again. There is cause for celebration, but it is very restricted.

CAPE TARANKUT – “When thousands of shrapnel fall on an anti-aircraft battery, there is nothing left,” Thomas Thiner said last September. world Tell. The former Italian artilleryman commented on the potential impact of the Atakum (Army Tactical Missile Systems) missile with cluster munitions. Looks like something like this has happened again. Newsweek Reports, citing various sources, stated that Ukraine It is possible that Crimea has been attacked again with Atakum missiles, and perhaps even with cluster munitions again. Vladimir Putin An S-300 anti-aircraft battery was now lost in the final attack. There is also talk of launching a strike against Russian positions in occupied southeastern Ukraine Daily news This is done using Atacms.

Newsweek It refers to Channel Newsweek Very cheerful. As happened last fall, when Ukraine dealt a heavy blow to the Russian air force for the first time; Until the New Zurich Times The topic lit up: “Blistering flames, huge clouds of smoke, and the outline of a combat helicopter against the red night sky: video images of inferno at the military airport in the Russian-occupied city of Berdyansk on October 17, 2023.” He immediately made it clear that the Russian Air Force had suffered a serious blow. It was soon confirmed that a new weapon was being used here: Ukraine fired American Atakum missiles for the first time.

„Putin's Nightmare”: The modern Ataxus symbolizes the principle of hope in Ukraine

Meanwhile, US President Joe Biden I paid for the supply of this weapon. Ukraine will be able to travel long distances because the United States has delivered the current type with a range of up to 300 kilometers. The headline read: “With this weapon, Putin’s nightmare has come true.” world In September, when the first batch of missiles, the older type with a range of less than 200 kilometers, had probably just arrived at the front. It symbolizes the principle of hope, which the defenders of Russian terrorism seem to be using at every straw they have, because the situation in Ukraine is like a nightmare. Even if a battery in the Crimea were destroyed, it would be a drop in the ocean, even though it is world “All Russian facilities are in grave danger,” she responded again animatedly, wanting to know.

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Online time It is more realistic – if not quite pessimistic: in their view, it would provide the right weapon – but a year too late: “There is more promise in the missile than it can deliver,” wrote author Alexander Edlin. In fact, the number of Atacms delivered appears to be unclear. The first batch last fall described this Daily news As a “very small number”, it is now reported time according to The New York Times An additional 100 missiles were delivered – their advantage is that they can be launched from HIMARS missile launchers already in use in Ukraine.

Impact in Crimea: There is no tactical value without the use of ground forces

Meanwhile, the US has also reportedly delivered the modernized version with a range of up to 300 km and GPS, perhaps due to Russia's now significant superiority. This certainly gives Ukraine operational opportunities, but on the other hand, this is also an argument Institute for the Study of War (ISW) Caution: With Ukraine's ability to operate over longer distances, it is simply pushing Russian airfields, warehouses, or staging areas into the heart of Russia: a missile attack without follow-up ground forces will therefore not achieve long-term tactical success. .

Even the current attack on the air defenses in Crimea may be a successful event, but it is certainly unique – in contrast to the ongoing drone-assisted attack on the Black Sea Fleet, which has established Ukraine as a regional naval power. But what is more threatening is the war of attrition that Ukraine has been waging with increasing force for months, behind the lines of contact. Attrition is likely to increase with the new delivery of precision American Atakam missiles with a range of up to 300 kilometers. world He was drafted blue late last year. There are still few signs of this.

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Time is ticking for Russia, but the clock may be ticking for the Crimean Bridge

The big bang may already be imminent. The Crimean Bridge remains a thorn in the side of Ukraine, which would become more vulnerable again with new missiles. But it is questionable how many missiles Ukraine would have to invest in order to cut off the lifeline of Russian supplies. At least Russia had time to use the months of wrangling the United States has witnessed to prepare itself. Since the successful attack by Ukraine in October, the Russians have had the opportunity to prepare for this threat ISW He writes. The Russians could have moved their warehouses back and better protected them against air raids.

The West remains somewhat concerned about the use of the weapon and Moscow's response in the event of an ATACM strike to the heart of Russia. Weapons are expressly intended for such “use within its territory.” Daily news Quoted by Jake Sullivan, the President's National Security Advisor. Currently – on April 28 – the news agency reported Reuters Based on renewed demand from Ukraine to the USA. In his weekly video address, President Volodymyr Zelensky said he recently spoke with US House Minority Leader Hakeem Jeffries and asked him to hurry up: “In my conversation with Mr. Jeffries, I stressed the need for Patriot systems, and as quickly as possible.” „.

Cutting supplies: Ukraine's chance to stabilize the front

Reuters At the same time, reports indicate that the situation on the front in Ukraine is deteriorating: since the capture of the city of Avdiivka, Moscow's forces have been advancing slowly, taking advantage of the defenders' lack of artillery and soldiers. The Kiev forces were to take up new positions west of the villages of Berdykhi and Semenivka, both north of Avdiivka, and Novomikhylivka, south near the town of Marinka. “In general, the enemy achieved certain tactical successes in these areas, but was unable to achieve operational advantages,” Laut said. Reuters Colonel-General Oleksandr Sersky, Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of Ukraine.

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In March, the most famous German military historian Sönke Neitzel said NDR He joked that he was almost accused of defeatism at the recent Munich security conference when he said he would be happy if at least Ukraine didn't lose. Neitzel repeatedly stresses the need to increase Ukraine's ability to attack. According to him, optimism is spread primarily by those who have no idea “how difficult it is to carry out offensive operations,” he said. Atacms can contribute to offensive capability. It seems so too MirrorAuthor Gernot Kramber said he feared the Ukrainians would not be able to withstand Russian pressure much longer.

If it now becomes possible to cut off Russian supplies and strike command structures, Russian offensive momentum will weaken. “This does not mean victory, but the Ukrainians will at least have a chance to stabilize their front.” (priest)

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